• By Paramattha Dhamma Sikkhaya Foundation
• 12-February-2026

Niraya (Great Hells) Viewers(1)

1.Sanjīva

2.Kālasutta

3.Sanghāta

4.Roruva

5.Mahāroruva

6.Tāpana

7.Mahātāpana

8.Avīci

Each great hell is  surrounded by 5 minor hells:

Excreta hell,

Hot ashes hell,

Hell of bombax trees,

Hell of trees with sword-like leaves, Hell of molten iron.

Hell beings are sponteneously born creatures (Oppātika) who have no happiness, only suffering forever.  They are invisible to human eyes.